Volume 11, Number 1: January-March 1996
Volume 11, Number 2: April-June 1996
Volume 11, Number 3: July-September 1996
Volume 11, Number 4: October-December 1996

Editor's Corner
1: Where Have All Our Leaders Gone?
Marvin L. Birnbaum, MD, PhD

Feature Article
2: The Consequence of Land Mines on Public Health
Faiz Kakar, PhD, Fabrizio Bassani, MD, C.J. Romer, MD, S.W.A. Gunn, MD

Original Research
11: Authoritarianism, Inner / Outer Directedness, and Sensation Seeking in Firefighter / Paramedics: Their Relationship With Burnout
Ronald G. Palmer, MSW, Wanda M. Spaid, DSW

16: Safe Out-of-Hospital Treatment of Chest Pain Without Direct Medical Control
Mara McErlean, MD, Nancy Raccio-Robak, RN, MPH, Joel M. Bartfield, MD, Daniel Hermes, MD

20: Evaluation of the Pediatric Trauma Checklist as a Prehospital Pediatric Trauma Triage Tool for the State of Florida
William P. Johnson, RN, MS

27: Early Predictors of Sepsis in the Motor-Vehicle Crash Trauma Victim
Jeanette K. Previdi, RN, BSN, MPH, CEN, C. Gene Cayten, MD, MPH, Daniel W. Byrne, MS

37: The Development and Evaluation of a Paramedic-Staffed Mobile Intensive Care Unit for Interfacility Patient Transport
Robert M. Domeier, MD, FACEP, James D. Hill, EMT-P, Roger D. Simpson, EMT-P

Special Reports
44: Treatment of Casualties of Military Conflicts at the Critical Medicine Clinic of the Central Hospital in Georgia
Zurab Kheladze, Samson Kajaia, George Gorgoshidze, Vladimir Bendeliani

48: An Analysis of Demand for First-Aid Care at a Major Public Event
Arthas Flabouris, MBBS, FANZCA, Franklin Bridgewater, OStJ, MB, FRACS, FRCS (Eng)

Brief Reports
55: Use of On-Line Medical Command to Randomize Patients in a Prehospital Research Study
Bartholomew J. Tortella, MTS, MD, FACS, Robert F. Lavery, MA, MICP, Mark Quadrel, MD, Ronald P. Cody, EdD, Greg Heyt, BA, MS-4

60: The Esophageal Detector Device: Accuracy and Reliability in Difficult Airway Settings
Christopher E. Kapsner, MD, David C. Seaberg, MD, FACEP, Charles Stengel, MD, Kaveh Ilkhanipour, MD, FACEP, James Menegazzi, PhD

63: In-Field Extremity Amputation: Prevalence and Protocols in Emergency Medical Services
Kathryn E. Kampen, MD, Jon R. Krohmer, MD, FACEP, Jeffery S. Jones, MD, FACEP, J.M. Dougherty, MD, FACEP, Robert K. Bonness, MD, FACEP

Case Report
67: Human Health Concerns from Pet Ownership After a Tornado
Sebastian E. Heath, VetMB, MVetSci, Max Champion, BS

Continuing Education
71: Natural Hazards: Causes and Effects-Drought

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Editor's Corner
80: Commitment and Dedication
Marvin L. Birnbaum, MD, PhD

Position Paper
82: Disaster Medical Response Research: A Template in the Utstein Style
Task Force on Quality Control of Disaster Management, World Association for Disaster and Emergency Medicine

Original Research
91: Physicians' Experiences with Prehospital Do-Not-Resuscitate Orders in North Carolina
Debbie A. Travers, RN, MSN, Greg Mears, MD, FACEP

101: Does the Level of Prehospital Care Influence the Outcome of Patients with Altered Levels of Consciousness?
James Adams, MD, Gene Aldag, PhD, Robert Wolford, MD

105: Out-of-Hospital Use of a Pulse Oximeter to Determine Systolic Blood Pressures
Brendan McCluskey, MICP, Michael Addis, BA, EMT, Bartholomew J. Tortella, MTS, MD, FACS, Robert F. Lavery, BA, MICP

108: Core Temperature Monitoring of Firefighters During Hazardous Materials Training Sessions
Roger Menze, MD, Mary Jo McMullen, MD, FACEP, Lynn J. White, MS, James M. Dougherty

112: AIDS and Prehospital Personnel: Knowledge and Prevention of Occupational Exposure
George A. Gellert, MD, FABPM, MPH, MPA, Roberta M. Maxwell, PhD, Kathleen V. Higgins, BA, Rebecca Barnard RN, MSN, Brandon Page, BA

Special Reports
117: Disaster Triage: START, then SAVE-A New Method of Dynamic Triage for Victims of a Catastrophic Earthquake
Mark Benson, DO, FACEP, Kristi L. Koenig, MD, FACEP, Carl H. Schultz, MD, FACEP

125: An Attempt at More Accurate Estimation of the Number of Ambulances Needed at Disasters in the Netherlands
Prof. Dr. Jan de Boer, MD

130: Prehospital Transport Time and Mode of Transportation in Zenica, Bosnia
Prentice A. Tom, MD, FACEP, Lejla Music

134: A Decentralized Trauma System Design for a Rural Area
Richard A. Narad, DPA, Jack L. Becker, BA, Christy Frecceri, RN

Brief Report
141: Does the Ambulance Environment Adversely Affect the Ability to Perform Oral Endotracheal Intubation
John E. Gough, MD, Steven H. Thomas, MD, Lawrence H. Brown, EMT-P, James E. Reese, MD, C. Keith Stone, MD

Case Report
144: Anaphylactoid Reaction to Adenosine
John G. Fata, MD, Ronald N. Roth, MD, FACEP, Linda Carpenter, MD

Continuing Education
147: Natural Disasters: Causes and Effects-Desertification
Eddie Perez, Paul Thompson

Proceedings
S1: After Everyone Leaves: Preparing For, Managing, and Monitoring of Mid- and Long-Term Effects of Large Scale Disasters
Editor: Gloria R. Leon, PhD

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Editor's Corner
160: Breaking the Paradigm
Marvin L. Birnbaum, MD, PhD

Special Report
162: Planning, Implementation, and Process Monitoring for Prehospital 12-Lead ECG Diagnostic Programs
Tom P. Aufderheide, MD, FACEP, Dean J. Kereiakes, MD, FACC, W.Douglas Weaver, MD, FACC, W. Brian Gibler, MD, FACEP, Maarten L. Simoons, MD, FESC, FACC

Original Research
172: The 1994 Northridge Earthquake Disaster Response: The Local Emergency Medical Services Agency Experience
Samuel J. Stratton, MD, Virginia Price Hastings, MA, Darlene Isbell, BSN, MPA, John Celentano, MD, Miguel Ascarrunz, MPA, Carol S. Gunter, BSN, MPA, Joe Betance

180: Epidemiology of Pediatric EMS Practice: A Multistate Analysis
Steven M. Joyce, MD, FACEP, Douglas E. Brown, CEP, Elizabeth A. Nelson

188: Patient Care and Daily Stress Among Emergency Medical Technicians
Edwin Boudreaux, MA, Glenn N. Jones, PhD, Cris Mandry, MD, FACEP, Phillip J. Brantley, PhD

195: Emergency Medical Vehicle Collisions in an Urban System
William A. Biggers Jr., MD, Brian S. Zachariah, MD, Paul E. Pepe, MD

202: Into the Fray: Integration of Emergency Medical Services and Special Weapons and Tactics (SWAT) Teams
Jeffrey S. Jones, MD, FACEP, Kevin Reese, MD, Greg Kenepp, Jon Krohmer, MD, FACEP

207: An Analysis of Michigan EMT Licensure Examination Results as a Predictor of Paramedic Licensure Examination Success
Wayne G. Snyder, EMT-P/I-C, MPA

214: Does Ambulance Crew Size Affect On-Scene Time or Number of Prehospital Interventions?
Lawrence H. Brown, EMT-P, Charles F. Owens Jr., EMT-AI, Juan A. March, MD, Elizabeth A. Archino, RN

219: Comparison of High-Dose Epinephrine Versus Standard-Dose Epinephrine in Adult Cardiac Arrest in the Prehospital Setting
Richard D. Carvolth, MD, FACEP, Ardith J. Hamilton, RN

223: Prehospital Use of a Prototype Esophageal Detection Device: A Word of Caution!
Charles D. Marley Jr., DO, David R. Eitel, MD, FACEP, Mark F. Koch, EMT-P, Dean R. Hess, Med, RRT, PhD, Michael A. Taigman, EMT-P

Special Report
228: The Relevance of the Occult Cervical Spine Controversy and Mechanism of Injury to Prehospital Protocols: A Review of the Issues and Literature
Alexander M. Butman, DSc, REMT-P, Daniel T. Schelble, MD, FACEP, Richard W. Vomacka, BA, REMT-P

Brief Report
234: Evaluation of Agricultural Rescue Course by Providers
Dean T. Stueland, MD, FACEP, John E. McCarty, PA-C, Peter Stamas Jr., MD, FACEP, Paul D. Gunderson, PhD

Position Paper
239: Resolutions of the National Association of State Emergency Medical Services Directors: 1995

Abstracts of Scientific Papers
S26: National Association of Emergency Medical Services Physicians
San Diego, California, 13-15 July 1996

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Editor's Corner
243: To Need or Not to Need
Marvin L. Birnbaum, MD, PhD

245: Thank You to Our Reviewers

Original Research
246: Enhancing Critical Thinking in Paramedic Continuing Education
Alice L. Dalton, BSN

254: EMS Knowledge and Skills in Rural North Carolina: A Comparison with the National EMS Education and Practice Blueprint
Lawrence H. Brown, EMT-P, Terry W. Copeland, BS, NREMT-P, John E. Gough, MD, Herbert G. Garrison, MD, MPH, Kathleen A. Dunn, MD, MSPH

261: Requiring On-Line Medical Command for Helicopter Request Prolongs Computer-Modeled Transport Time to the Nearest Trauma Center
Bartholomew J. Tortella, MTS, MD, FACS, Robert F. Lavery, MA, MICP, Mihir Kamat, MD, Mohnish Ramani, MD

265: A Survey of Emergency Medical Services Systems on College and University Campuses
Brent R. King, MD, Brian S. Zachariah, MD, FACEP, David C. Cone, MD, Peter Clark, EMT

270: Lessons in Emergency Evacuation From The Miamisburg Train Derailment
Robert A. De Lorenzo, MD, James J. Augustine, MD, FACEP

276: Carbon Monoxide and Non-Quantitative Carbon Dioxide Detection
Georg Petroianu, MD, PhD, Wolfgang Maleck, MD, Wolfgang Bergler, MD, PhD, Prof. Roderich Ruefer, MD, PhD

280: Comparison of Inhaled Metaproterenol via Metered Dose and Hand-held Nebulization in Prehospital Treatment of Bronchospasm
Steven J. Rottman, MD, FACEP, Nancy E. Robinson, RN, MS, Marvin L. Birnbaum, MD,PhD

285: Does Basic Life Support in a Rural EMS System Influence the Outcome of Respiratory Distress Patients?
Lawrence H. Brown, EMT-P, N. Heramba Prasad, MD, Theodore W. Whitley, PhD, Nicholas H. Benson, MD, Adrian Corlette, MD

292: A Comparison of EMS Continuing Education for Paramedics in the United States
Linda L. Herman, MD, FACEP, Paula J. Willoughby, DO, Max D. Koenigsberg, MD, FACEP, Sharon Ward, RN, MS, Cary McDonald, MD, FACEP

Collective Reviews
296: Sources of Stress Among Emergency Medical Technicians (Part I): What Does the Research Say?
Edwin Boudreaux, MA, Cris Mandry, MD, FACEP

302: The Effects of Stressors On Emergency Medical Technicians (Part II): A Critical Review Of The Literature, And A Call For Further Research
Edwin Boudreaux, MA, Cris Mandry, MD, FACEP

Brief Report
309: Acceptance of an Injury Prevention Program in Rural Communities: A Preliminary Study
Edwin Moore, DO, John McComas, EMT-P

Forum
312: Nebulized Lidocaine as an Adjunct to Endotracheal Intubation in the Prehospital Setting
James F. Kenney, MD, Kristine Molly, RN, Marvin Pollack, MD, FACEP, Mary T. Ortiz, PhD, EMT-D

313: Firefighter / Paramedic Burnout
Ronald G. Palmer, FF/PM, MSW

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