Editor's Corner
1: Preparing for the Future
Jerris R. Hedges, MD, MS

Original Research
3: Patient-Initiated Refusals of Prehospital Care: Ambulance Call Report Documentation, Patient Outcome, and On-Line Medical Command
David C. Cone, MD, EMT, David T. Kim, MD, Steven J. Davidson, MD, MBA, FACEP

10: Out-of-Hospital Deliveries: A Five-Year Experience
Vincent P. Verdile, MD, Gregory Tutsock, BS, EMT-P, Paul M. Paris, MD, Robert A. Kennedy, BS, EMT-P

14: Review of Accidents / Injuries Among Emergency Medical Services Workers in Baltimore, Maryland
Robyn R.M. Gershon, MHS, DrPh, David Vlahov, PhD, Gabor Kelen, MD, Bruce Conrad, EMT-P, Larry Murphy, PhD

19: Outcome in an Urban Pediatric Trauma System with Unified Prehospital Emergency Medical Services Care
Michael J. VanRooyen, MD, Edward P. Sloan, MD, MPH, FACEP, John Al Barrett, MD, FACS, Robert F. Smith, MD, MPH

24: The Effect of Prehospital Transport Time on the Mortality from Traumatic Injury
Roland W. Petri, MD, PMH, Alan Dyer, PhD, John Lumpkin, MD, MPH

30: Pedestrian Intoxication and Fatal Traffic Accident Injury Patterns
James S. Williams, MD, Jonathan A. Graff, MD, Justin M. Uku, MD

Special Reports
36: Complex, Humanitarian Emergencies: I. Concept and Participants
Frederick M. Burkle, Jr., MD, MPH, FAAP, FACEP

43: Complex, Humanitarian Emergencies: II. Medical Liaison and Training
Frederick M. Burkle, Jr., MD, MPH, FAAP, FACEP

48: Complex, Humanitarian Emergencies: III. Measures of Effectiveness
Frederick M. Burkle, Jr., MD, MPH, FAAP, FACEP, Katherine A.W. McGrady, MS, PhD, Sandra L. Newett, MS, John J. Nelson, BS, MA, Jonathan T. Dworken, BSFS, MA, William H. Lyerly, Jr., MA, Mph, Andrew S. Natsios, MPA, CDR. Scott R. Lillibridge, USPHS

Brief Reports
57: The Use of Intraperitoneal Infusion for the Outpatient Treatment of Hypovolemia in Somalia
Michael J. VanRooyen, MD, Julia B. VanRooyen, MD, Edward P. Sloan, MD, MPH, FACEP

Case Report
60: Successful Resuscitation of a Child with Severe Hypothermia after Cardiac Arrest of 88 Minutes
U. Schmidt, K.W. Fritz, W. Kasperczyk, H. Tscherne

Book Reviews
63: Glucagon in Acute Medicine: Pharmacological, Clinical, and Theraputic Implications
Sandra M. Schneider, MD, FACEP

64: Pediatric Emergency Care Systems: Planning and Management
Richard A. Narad, DPA

Editor's Corner
72: Putting It Together: A Model for Integrating Injury Control System Elements
Ricardo Martinez, MD

Original Research
75: Case Law Involving Base-Station Contact
Carol J. Shanaberger, Esq, EMT-P

82: Liability Immunity as a Legal Defense for Recent Emergency Medical Services System Litigation
David L. Morgan, MD, MS, FACEP, William R. Trail, JD, Vicky A. Trompler, MD, JD

92: Sources of Disagreement Among Public and Private Agency Paramedics
Carol S. Federiuk, MD, PhD, Kerth O'Brien, PhD

96: To Report or Not to Report: Emergency Services Response to Elder Abuse
Jeffrey S. Jones, MD, FACEP, George Walker, MD, Jon R. Krohmer, MD, FACEP

101: Assessment of Pulmonary Mechanics and Gastric Inflation Pressure During Mask Ventilation
Norbert Weiler, MD, Wolfgang Heinrichs, PhD, Wolfgang Dick, PhD

Special Report
106: Paramedic Field Instructors: An Approach to Training the Newest Paramedics While Maintaining the Interest of the Most Successful Senior Paramedics
Paul Krochmal, MD, FACEP, Jessie Moore, RN, CEN, Kathleen Shea, PA, Mark Kiessling, PA, David Blaustein, MD, John Schriver, MD, FACEP

Brief Reports
110: EMS Providers Do Not Accurately Note Motor-Vehicle Crash Patients With Positive Serum Alcohol Concentrations
Ronald F. Maio, DO, Audrey Wu, BS, Frederick C. Blow, PhD, Brian Zink, MD

113: Emergency Medical Care in the Athletes' Village: World University Games 1993
David M. Janicke, MD, PhD, Donald J. Jacob, MD, Richard B. LaFountain, MD, FACEP, Mark R. Pundt, MD, Gregory E. Young, MD, FACEP

118: Mobile Medical Relief and Miliary Assistance in Somalia
Michael J. VanRooyen, MD, FACEP, Julia B. VanRooyen, MD, Edward P. Sloan, MD, MPH, FACEP, Edward Ward, BS

Brief Reports
57: The Use of Intraperitoneal Infusion for the Outpatient Treatment of Hypovolemia in Somalia
Michael J. VanRooyen, MD, Julia B. VanRooyen, MD, Edward P. Sloan, MD, MPH, FACEP

121: Can Correct Closed-Chest Compressions Be Performed During Prehospital Transport?
C. Keith Stone, MD, Stephen H. Thomas, MD

Position Paper
124: Resolutions of the National Association of State Emergency Medical Services Directors: 1994

Continuing Education
Natural Hazards: Causes and Effects
126: Lesson 4-Volcanoes
Eddie Perez, Paul Thompson

Editor's Corner
221: The Good, the Great, and the Exciting
Marvin L. Birnbaum, DM, PhD

Editorial
223: Disaster Preparedness and Response as Primary Health Care
Thomas D. Kirsch, MD, MPH, FACEP

Original Research
225: Prehospital Communications During the Loma Prieta Earthquake
Julie Martchenke, RN, MICN, MS, Jeff Rusteen, Firefighter / Paramedic, James E. Pointer, MD, FACEP

232: Comparison of Prehospital Cervical Immobilization Devices Using Video and Electromyography
Thomas Manix, REMT-P, Michael R. Gunderson, REMT-P, Geoffrey C. Garth

239: How Should an Unconscious Person with a Suspected Neck Injury be Positioned?
Barry D. Gunn, MBBS, Norman Eizenberg, MBBS, Morry Silberstein, MD, FRACR, Joan M. McMeeken, Msc, Dip Physio, Geoffrey A. Gutteridge, FANZCA

245: Paramedic Diagnostic Accuracy for Patients Complaining of Chest Pain or Shortness of Breath
Jeffrey J. Schaider, MD, FACEP, John C. Riccio, MD, Robert J. Rydman, PhD, Peter T. Pons, MD, FACEP

251: Using Interactive Videodisc to Test Advanced Airway Management Skills
Arthur J. Rubens, DrPh, EMT-P, Walt Stoy, PhD, EMT-P, Gina Piane, DrPh

259: Factors Influencing Successful Intubation in the Prehospital Setting
James Doran, MICP, Bartholomew J. Tortella, MTS, MD, FACS, Walter Drivet, BS, MICP, Robert F. Lavery, BA, MICP

Brief Reports
265: Hand Injuries From Snow Blowers: A Report of an Epidemic
David J. Tetz, DO, Richard Aghababian, MD

268: Survey of Medical Services at Major League Baseball Stadiums
O. John Ma, MD, Ronald G. Pirrallo, MD, MHSA, Jonathan M. Rubin, MD

273: Medical Care at Mass Gatherings: Considerations for Physician Involvement
Steven J. Parillo, DO, FACEP

Case Report
276: Low-Level Carbon Monoxide Poisoning: Inability of Neuropsychological Testing to Identify Patients Who Benefit from Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy
Steven J. Rottman, MD, Nancy Kaser-Boyd, PhD, Timothy Cannis, MD, John Alexander, MD

Position Paper
283: Medical Director for Air Medical Transport Programs
Air Medical Committee, National Association of EMS Physicians

Book Review
285: ACLS Mega-Code Review Study Cards
Barbara M. Kuska, RN, BSN

64: Pediatric Emergency Care Systems: Planning and Management
Richard A. Narad, DPA

Continuing Education
Natural Hazards: Causes and Effects
290: Lesson 6-Floods
Eddie Perez, Paul Thompson

S76: Abstracts from Scientific Meetings: Stockholm, Sweden